EPONYMS IN DERMATOLOGY LITERATURE LINKED TO SWEDEN

Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million [1]. There are several medical eponyms originated from this country. In Table I [2-8] we listed selected eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Sweden. The Online Wikipedia, referred to interesting facts about the scientific advancement of this country. Sweden tops other European countries in the number of published scientific works per capita. It ranks in the top five countries with respect to low infant mortality. It also ranks high in life expectancy [1]. Swedish inventors hold a total of 33,523 patents in the United States as of 2007, according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office. As a nation, only ten other countries hold more patents than Sweden [1]. The Nobel Prize is well-known all over the world. It is instituted by Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) (Fig.1), who was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. He was the inventor of dynamite. Dermatologists around the world is also remembering Sweden for, Acta Dermato-Venereologica, which is an international peer-review journal for clinical and experimental research in the field of dermatology and venereology published in Sweden since 1920. EPONYMS IN DERMATOLOGY LITERATURE LINKED TO SWEDEN


Historical Article
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) and Britain, is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe.The United Kingdom is a developed country and remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally [1].England and Scotland were leading centres of the Scientific Revolution from the 17th century and the United Kingdom led the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century, and has continued to produce scientists and engineers credited with important advances [1].There are several eponyms in dermatology literature, which are linked to United Kingdom.In Table I [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14], we highlighted on some examples of eponyms in dermatology literature, linked to United Kingdom. in middle-age or elderly women; it is rarely seen in childhood and adolescence.The etiology of this entity is unknown.The syndrome is named after 2 British dermatologists, Ian Bruce Sneddon , (Fig. 4), and Daryl Sheldon Wilkinson.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to United Kingdom (continued)
418 © Our Dermatol Online.Suppl.2.2013 Whitfield's ointment [14] Whitfield's Ointment is salicylic acid and benzoic acid in a suitable base, such as lanolin or vaseline.It is used for the treatment of fungal infections.Named for, Arthur Whitfield (1868-1947), (Fig. 6), who was a British dermatologist.

Historical Article
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, as it is known, is a state in the Scandinavian region of Northern Europe.The estimated population is around ,5,580,413.The national language is Danish [1].Denmark has one of the world's highest per capita income.For 2013, Denmark is listed 15th on the Human Development Index.Danish engineers are world-leading in providing diabetes care equipment and medication products [1].The most famous medical eponyms linked to Denmark are The Bartholin glands and Hirschsprung disease.The Bartholin glands are two glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina They were first described in 1677, by the Danish anatomist Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655-1738) [2].Some sources mistakenly ascribe their discovery to his grandfather, theologian and anatomist Caspar Bartholin the Elder (1585-1629).Gaspard Bartholin had the good fortune during his stay in Paris to meet Joseph Guichard du Verney, a French anatomist who had discovered the glandula vestibuloris major.Back in Copenhagen he was appointed professor of anatomy.At the age of 21, he described the physiology of the glandula vestibuloris major, later known as Batholin's gland.Ennobled, laden with honours, he was later appointed personal physician to the king of Denmark until his death in 1738 [2].Hirschsprung disease is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system and is characterized by an absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon resulting in a functional obstruction.The first report of Hirschsprung disease dates back to 1691, however, the disease is named after Harald Hirschsprung , the Danish physician who first described two infants who died of this disorder in 1888 [3].In Table I [4][5][6][7][8][9], we highlighted on selected eponyms in dermatology literature, linked to Denmark.

Remarks
Rud syndrome [8,9] This rare syndrome is characterized by ichthyosis, obesity, hypogonadism, oligophrenia (defined as less-than-normal mental development), epilepsy, and endocrinopathies.It is named after, Einar Rud, who was a Danish physician, born in 1892.However, the existence of this entity has been questioned.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Denmark (continued)
Copyright by Khalid Al Aboud, et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Historical Article
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of twelve provinces in North-West Europe and three islands in the Caribbean.The Netherlands has an estimated population of 16,778,806 (as of 31 January 2013).The official language is Dutch, which is spoken by the vast majority of the inhabitants.In May 2011, the Netherlands was ranked as the "happiest" country according to results published by the The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).It is, also, one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries [1].There are many medical eponyms originated from Netherlands.The famous website, who named it, listed more than 45 medical eponyms linked to Netherlands.In Table I [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], we listed highlighted on selected eponyms, in dermatology literature linked to Netherlands.

Remarks
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CDLS) [2][3] It is also known as Brachman de Lange syndrome or Amsterdam dwarf,.It is characterized by a typical facies along with hypertrichosis, cutis marmorata and a bluish discoloration of the facial skin.Skeletal abnormalitites, mental retardation and abnormal cry are also present.It is named for Cornelia de Lange (1871-1950), (Fig. 1), a Dutch pediatrician.The first ever documented case was in 1916 by Winfried Robert Clemens Brachmann (1888-1969), a German physician, followed up by Cornelia Catharina de Lange, in 1933.
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome [4][5][6][7] It is often termed as Bushy Syndrome and is also known as Amsterdam dwarfism.It is a genetic disorder that can lead to severe developmental anomalies.It is characterized by chondrodysplasia and polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and congenital defects of the heart.It is named after Simon van Creveld (1894-1971), who was a Dutch paediatrician.Richard White Bernhard Ellis , was an English paediatrician.

Remarks
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) [8][9][10][11] It is a rare autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by various combinations of clinical features.WS is named after a Dutch ophthalmologist, Petrus Johannes Waardenburg (1886-1979), (Fig. 2), who described the syndrome in 1951.The major criteria are sensorineural hearing loss, iris pigmentary abnormality (two eyes different color or iris bicolor or characteristic brilliant blue iris), hair hypopigmentation (white forelock or white hairs at other sites on the body), dystopia canthorum (lateral displacement of inner canthi) and the presence of a first-degree relative previously diagnosed with WS.WS type 2 lacks dystopia canthorum of WS1.Apart from the associated upper limb anomalies (e.g.hypoplasia, syndactyly) WS type 3 (WS3; Klein-Waardenburg syndrome) is similar to WS1.In addition to the features of WS1, type 4 WS (WS4; Shah-Waardenburg syndrome) is associated with features of Hirschsprung disease.David Klein (1908Klein ( -1993)), was a Swiss human geneticist and ophthalmologist.Krishnakumar N. Shah, was an Indian physician.Harald Hirschsprung (1830-1916), was a Danish paediatrician.

Historical Article
Poland officially the republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 9th largest in Europe.Poland has a population of over 38.5 million people [1].Polish is the official language.It is becoming an interesting location for research and development investments [1].Many scientists and researchers originated from Poland.However, in the 19th and 20th centuries many Polish scientists worked abroad; one of the greatest of these exiles was Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867-1934), (Fig. 1), a physicist and chemist who lived much of her life in France [1].Marie Curie or Madame Curie, was a Polish physicist and chemist, working mainly in France [1], who is famous for her pioneering research on radioactivity.She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences.
There are, also great contribution, made to dermatology from Poland [2].Neverthless, not all of those contributions credited as eponyms.Just as example, Jadwiga Schwann was a dermatologist from Poland [3].Among her contributions to dermatology, she is credited for describing a syndrome, in German and Polish languagues.This syndrome appeared latter in English literature by Robert S. Bart (Dermatologist) and Robert E. Pumphrey (Otolaryngologist); both from USA, and so the syndrome was then known as Bart -Pumphrey syndrome.Schwann syndrome is cited in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, as knuckle pads, leukonychia, and sensorineural deafness.It is characterized by knuckle pads, leukonychia, palmoplanter keratoderma (PPK) and sensorineural deafness [3].In Table I [4-10], we highlighted on selected eponyms, in dermatology literature, linked to Poland.

Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma of Grzybowski [5-7]
There are two forms of keratoacanthoma: a solitary form and a multiple form.The multiple form has two variants: multiple self-healing epitheliomas of skin or Ferguson Smith type (described in 1934, in a Scottish family) and eruptive keratoacanthoma or Grzybowski type (described in 1950).Features of both Grzybowski and Ferguson-Smith types are found in the multiple familial keratoacanthoma of Witten and Zak (described in 1952).Though solitary cutaneous keratoacanthomas are common, the multiple variants are extremely rare.John Ferguson Smith (1888-1978), was a British physician.Marian Grzybowski (1895Grzybowski ( -1949)), (Fig. 3), was a Polish dermatologist.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Poland
Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Poland

Remarks
Mikulicz's cells [8][9][10] These are macrophages found in the diseased tissue in cases of rhinoscleroma and containing the organisms of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis.Named for, Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850-1905), (Fig. 4), who was a Polish-Austrian surgeon.There are several other eponyms attached to his name.For eamples; Mikulicz's disease: Benign lymphocytic infiltration and enlargement of the lacrimal and salivary glands.It is often referred to as benign lymphoepithelial lesion.Mikulicz's syndrome: Symptoms characteristic of Mikulicz's disease when occurring as a complication of another disease, such as leukemia or sarcoidosis.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Poland (continued)
Copyright by Khalid Al Aboud, et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Remarks
Ascher syndrome [3][4][5] Ascher syndrome is a rare disease described by Karl Wolfgang Ascher (1887-1971), (Fig. 1), an ophthalmologist from Prague, in 1920.It presents as blepharochalasis, double lip and nontoxic thyroid enlargement.The thyroid enlargement is not present in all cases of this syndrome.The syndrome is often undiagnosed because of its rarity.
Bednar tumor [6] It is a name given to the pigmented type of Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP).DFSP is a locally aggressive soft tissue neoplasm with intermediate-to low-grade malignancy.Bednar tumor is named after a well-known Czech pathologist, Blahoslav Bednar (1916-1998) (Fig. 2).
Table I.Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Czech Republic Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Czech Republic

Remarks
Giardia lamblia [7,8] The trophozoite form of Giardia was first observed in 1681 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in his own diarrhea stools.The organism was again observed and described in greater detail by Vilém Dušan Lambl in 1859, who thought the organism belonged to the genus Cercomonas and proposed the name Cercomonas intestinalis.His name is still sometimes attached to the genus or the species infecting humans.Thereafter, some have named the genus after him while others have named the species of the human form after him Giardia lamblia.The genus was chosen to honour Professor Alfred Mathieu Giard of Paris.Alfred Mathieu Giard (1846-1908) was a French zoologist.Vilém Dušan Lambl (1824-895), (Fig. 3) was a Czech physician from Letina, Kreis Pilsen, Bohemia.
Pudlak It is one of the major political and economic powers of the European continent and a historic leader in many theoretical and technical fields [1].The country has developed a very high standard of living and features a comprehensive system of social security, which includes the world's oldest universal health care system [1].Germany has been the home of many influential philosophers, scientists and inventors, and is known for its rich cultural and political history.Germany's achievements in the sciences have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the economy.The Nobel Prizehas been awarded to 103 German laureates.For most of the 20th century, German laureates had more awards than those of any other nation, especially in the sciences (physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine) [1].There are many old and new eponyms in dermatology, which originated from Germany.One may easily find several dermatological conditions attached eponymously, to a single scientist from Germany [2].Also of note, one may find physicians from Germany for whom an eponyms were linked, who were practiced outside Germany.For example, Theresa Kindler to whom Kindler syndrome was named, after her original British Journal of Dermatology publication in 1954, was a German paediatrician who spent time working in the UK.In Table I [2-14], we highlighted on some examples of eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Germany.

Remarks
Fabry disease [4] Also known as Anderson-Fabry disease, angiokeratoma corporis diffusum and alphagalactosidase A deficiency; is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disease, which can cause a wide range of systemic symptoms.The disease is named for Johannes Fabry (1860-1930), (Fig. 3), who was a German dermatologist.William Anderson (1842-1900), was am English surgeon and dermatologist.
Gottron's sign [5] It is an erythematous, scaly eruption occurring in symmetric fashion over the metacarpophalgeal and interphalangeal joints, seen in dermatomyositis.It is named for, Heinrich Adolf Gottron (1890-1974), who was a German dermatologist.
Impetigo of Bockhart [7] This another name for, Superficial pustular folliculitis.It is a superifical folliculitis with thinwalled pustules at the folliclular openings, first described by Bockhart in 1887.
Koebner phenomenon [9] Also called the "Koebner response" or the "isomorphic response", refers to skin lesions appearing on lines of trauma.It was named after a rather eccentric, renowned German dermatologist, Heinrich Koebner (1838-1904), (Fig. 7).He is best known for his work in mycology.
Langerhans cells [10] They are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin and mucosa, and contain large granules called Birbeck granules.Named after Paul Langerhans (1847-1888), (Fig. 8), who was a Germann biologist and anatomist.He discovered the cells at the age of 21 while he was a medical student.Because of their dendritic nature, he mistakenly identified the cells as part of the nervous system.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Germany (continued)
430 © Our Dermatol Online.Suppl.2.2013
Munchausen syndrome [12] Munchausen syndrome, a mental disorder, wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention, sympathy, or reassurance to themselves.It was named in 1951 by Richard Asher after Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, Baron Münchhausen (1720-1797), (Fig. 10), a German nobleman, who purportedly told many fantastic and impossible stories about himself.The syndrome is also sometimes known as hospital addiction syndrome, thick chart syndrome, or hospital hopper syndrome.
Vohwinkel syndrome [6] Vohwinkel first described this autosomal dominant disorder in 1929.Honeycombed, diffuse hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles appears in infancy and then becomes transgredient.This is followed by the development of constricting bands of the digits during early childhood, which may lead to digital autoamputation, i.e. pseudoainhum.Peculiar starfish-shaped keratoses appear over the knuckles of the fingers and toes and are said to be characteristic of the disorder.Hearing loss of at least a moderate degree is seen in many patients.Additional reported findings are alopecia and ichthyosis.
Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome [13] This is another name for dyskeratosis Congenita.It is a rare syndrome characterised by mucocutaneous abnormalities and an increased predisposition to cancer.Named for Ferdinand Zinsser (1865-1952), who was a German dermatologist.Martin Feeney Engman, (1869-1953), was an American dermatologist.Harold Newton Cole (1884-1968), was an American dermatologist.

Historical Article
Austria is one of the European countries with roughly 8.47 million people [1].Its official language is German.It is one of the richest countries in the world.The country has developed a high standard of living and in 2011 was ranked 19th in the world for its Human Development Index [1].Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation.It was, and still, the birthplace of many excellent dermatologists.Several eponyms, in dermatology literature are linked to Austria.In Table 1 [2-10], we are giving some examples of eponyms, in dermatology literature linked to Austria.
The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) is a transient immunological phenomenon seen commonly in patients during treatment for syphilis, and it manifests clinically with short-term constitutional symptoms such as fever, chills, headache and myalgias, besides exacerbation of existing cutaneous lesions.Adolf Jarisch (1850-1902) was an Austrian dermatologist.Karl Herxheimer (1861-1942) was a German dermatologist.
Kaposi sarcoma [5] It is a mesenchymal tumor that involves blood and lymphatic vessels and that affects multiple organs, most commonly the skin.It was first described as "idiopathic multiple pigmented sarcoma" by Moritz Kaposi Kohn (1837-1902), (Fig. 2), in 1872.Kaposi was born in Hungary, and graduated in medicine from the University of Vienna.He was one of the first to establish dermatology based on anatomic pathology.His book, Pathology and Therapy of the Skin Diseases in Lectures for Practical Physicians and Students, became one of the most significant books in the history of dermatology and was translated into several languages.
Leiner syndrome [7] Karl Leiner (1871-1930) was a well-known Austrian pediatrician.In the 1908, he studied 43 babies with a triad of diarrhea weight loss and dermatitis.Later on this clinical phenotype becomes known as Leiner syndrome.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Austria
Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Austria
Lipschütz' ulcer [9] Lipschütz acute genital ulcer is a rare distinctive cause of non-venereal acute genital ulcers that occurs particularly in adolescents described in 1913.The etiology is unknown, although recent reports have associated it with the Epstein-Barr virus.The diagnosis is made by exclusion after ruling out sexually transmitted diseases, autoimmune causes, trauma, and other etiologies of genital ulcerations.It is named after Benjamin Lipschütz (1878-1931), an Austrian dermatologist and microbiologist.

Remarks
Achilles tendon [2] Also known as the calcaneal tendon or the tendo calcaneus, which is a tendon of the posterior leg.
In Greek mythology, Achilles was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's Iliad.Because of his death from a small wound in the heel, the term Achilles' heel has come to mean a person's point of weakness.

Remarks
Diogenes syndrome [5,6] Cessation of normal skin cleansing seen in geriatric or self-neglected patients can cause accumulation of keratinous crusts on the skin.In the extreme end of this spectrum is a condition known as Diogenes syndrome (DS).These patients may have psychiatric disorders like paranoid disorders, mood affection, or emporofrontal dementia.Diogenes syndrome, also known as senile squalor syndrome, is a disorder characterized by extreme self-neglect, domestic squalor, social withdrawal, apathy, compulsive hoarding of garbage, and lack of shame.The condition was first recognized in 1966 and designated Diogenes syndrome by Clark et al.The name derives from Diogenes of Sinope, an ancient Greek philosopher, a Cynic and an ultimate minimalist, who allegedly lived in a barrel.Not only did he not hoard, but he actually sought human company by venturing daily to the Agora.Therefore, this eponym is considered to be amisnomer.
Higouménakis' sign [10] It is a unilateral enlargement of the sternoclavicular portion of the clavicle, seen in congenital syphilis.First described by George Higoumenakis in 1927 George Higoumenakis (1895-1983), (Fig. 2), who was a Greek dermatologist.
Papanicolaou's smear [11,12] Also called Pap test and Pap smear.It is a cytodiagnostic test for early detection of cervical cancer.Named after George Nicholas Papanicolaou (1883-1962), (Fig. 3), who was a Greek-American cytologist and pathologist.

Historical Article
Italy is one of the largest European countries.With 60.8 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe [1].It has been ranked as the world's 25th most-developed country and it Quality-of-life Index was ranked in the world's top ten in 2005.Italy enjoys a very high standard of living and has a high public education level [1].
It ranks as having the world's 2nd best healthcare system, and the world's 3rd best healthcare performance.Italy had the 12th highest worldwide life expectancy in 2010 [1].Many of the important dermatology educational resources and periodicals are based in Italy.
In Table I [2-16], we listed selected eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Italy.
Anetoderma is clinically characterized by localized areas of flaccid or herniated sack-like skin.Currently it is usually classified into two clinical groups: primary anetoderma, which arises from previously normal skin and secondary anetoderma, which occurs at sites of skin diseases such as syphilis, acne, lupus, or varicella.Primary anetoderma can be divided into Schweninger-Buzzi type (no preceding erythema) and Jadassohn-Pellizzari type (preceded by macular erythema or papular urticaria).In addition to Pellizzari's anetoderma, the Italian dermatologist, Celso Pellizzari (1851-1925), (Fig. 1).Also, discovered several nosologic entities such as colloid pseudomilium.

Angiokeratoma of Mibelli (also porokeratosis of Mibelli) [3]
Angiokeratoma of Mibelli and porokeratosis of Mibelli, both are well known skin diseases are named after, Vittorio Mibelli (1860-1910), (Fig. 2), who was an Italian dermatologist born in Portoferraio, Elba.Canizares in 1957 introduced the disorder to American literature and also named it after its two pioneers.Linear atrophoderma of Moulin (LAM) is a rare dermatologic disorder characterized by a hyperpigmented atrophoderma that consistently follows the lines of Blaschko.This disease was first referred to as Atrophoderma of Moulin after Dr. Moulin who first reported it in 1992 then was renamed as linear atrophoderma of Moulin.There are many clinical and histologic similarities between LAM, atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini (APP), and morphea, and whether LAM represents part of a disease spectrum or its own distinct entity is debated.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Italy
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome [8,9] Also known as papular acrodermatitis of childhood.It is a skin rash asoociated with viral infections.It is named after, Ferdinando Gianotti , who was an Italian physician and Agostino Crosti , who was an Italian dermatologist, and Professor of Dermatology in Milan.Crosti's syndrome is named, also, after Agostino Crosti.
Golgi apparatus [10] The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryoticcells.It was identified in 1897 by Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898.Camillo Golgi (1843-926), (Fig. 3), was an Italian physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate.
Haemophilus ducreyi [11] It is a gram-negative coccobacillus causing the sexually transmitted disease chancroid, a major cause of genital ulceration in developing countries.It is named for, Agosto Ducrey (1860-1940), (Fig. 4), who was an Italian dermatologist.
Malpighian layer [12] The Malpighian layer of the skin is a term that is generally defined as both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum as a unit.It is named for an Italian doctor; Marcello Malpighi (1628-694), (Fig. 5).
Pasini type of epidermolysis bullosa [13][14][15][16] The autosomal dominant of dystrophic epidermolysis (DDEB) has been conventionally divided into Pasini and Cockayne-Touraine variants on the basis of the presence or absence of whitish dermal papules, so-called albopapuloid lesions, respectively.But the issue is clouded by the fact that albopapuloid lesions, which are most often seen on the trunk, are probably not specific.In 1928, Pasini described a single family whose EB was distinguished by the presence of numerous white papules that he called 'albopapuloid' lesions.Larger series of patients with DDEB were reported by Cockayne (1933) and Touraine (1942).France officially the French Republic France is the largest country in Western Europe and the third-largest in Europe as a whole [1].It possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world.It has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military, and political influence in Europe and around the world.Its estimated current population is around 65,350,000 .The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997 and then again in 2000.Care is generally free for people affected by chronic diseases [1].Many eponyms we use them currently, in our dermatology practice, originated from France.For example, Schnitzler's syndrome which is characterized by recurrent urticarial rash and monoclonal gammopathy is named after the French dermatologist L. Schnitzler (Fig. 1) who first described this syndrome in 1972.As a matter of fact one my need to write a book if he or she wish to discuss French dermatological eponyms in details.However, in this communication, we meant to shed some lights only, on some examples of French dermatological eponyms, which we summarized it in Table I [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to France
Degos disease [5] Robert Degos (1904-1987), (Fig. 5), was a French dermatologist who described several dermatoses including Degos disease (also called malignant atrophic papulosis) which is an extremely rare vasculopathy which results in tissue infarction.
Erythema induratum of Bazin [6] In 1861, Bazin gave the name erythema induratum to a nodular eruption that occurred on the lower legs of young women with tuberculosis.Erythema induratum/nodular vasculitis complex is classified into 2 variants: erythema induratum of Bazin type and nodular vasculitis or erythema induratum of Whitfield type.The Bazin type is related with tuberculous origin, but Whitfield type is not.Ernest Bazin (1894-1964), (Fig. 6), was a French physician.
Favre-Racouchot syndrome [7] It is a disorder consisting of multiple open and closed comedones in the presence of actinically damaged skin.It is named after the French dermatologist Maurice Favre (1876-1954) and his pupil Jean Racouchot ).
Fournier's gangrene [8] Fulminating infection of the scrotum leading to gangrene and commonly associated with diabetes.It is a type of necrotizing infection or gangrene usually affecting the perineum.It was first described by Baurienne in 1764 and is named after, Jean Alfred Fournier (1832-1914), French dermatologist (Fig. 7).
Griscelli syndrome (GS) [9] It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by albinism (hypopigmentation) with immunodeficiency, that usually causes death by early childhood.It is caused by mutations in either the myosin VA (GS1), RAB27A (GS2) or melanophilin (GS3) genes.The three GS subtypes are commonly characterized by pigment dilution of the skin and hair, due to defects involving melanosome transport in melanocytes.It is named after Claude Griscelli, (Fig. 8), born in 1936, professor of pediatry at Hôpital des Enfants-Malades in Paris.
Jacquet dermatitis [11] It is another name for erosive form of irritant napkin dermatitis.The first true description of diaper dermatitis was made by Jacquet in 1905.
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS) [12] LHS is a rare acquired disorder characterized by diffuse macular hyperpigmentation ofthe oral mucosa and, at times, longitudinal melanonychia.Laugier-Hunziker syndromewas first described in 1970 by Laugier (from France) and Hunziker (from Switzerland).Pautrier microabscess [13] An intraepidermal collections of malignant lymphocytes, seen in cutaneous cell lymphoma.It is named after Lucien-Marie Pautrier, although he did not first describe them.Lucien-Marie Pautrier (1876-1959), (Fig. 10), was a French dermatologist, who headed a leading department at the medical school of Strasbourg.
Poikiloderma of Civatte [15,16] It refers to erythema associated with a mottled pigmentation seen on the sides of the neck more commonly in women.Civatte first described the condition in 1923.Achille Civatte (1877-1956), (Fig. 11), was a French physician.
Sabouraud agar [17,18] It is a type of agar containing peptones.It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and other types of fungi.It was created by, and is named after, Raymond Sabouraud in 1892.Raymond Sabouraud (1864-1938), (Fig. 12), was a French physician born in Nantes.He specialized in dermatology and mycology, and was also an accomplished painter and sculptor.
Sézary syndrome [13] In a series of papers from 1938 to 1949, Albert Sézary (1880-1956), (Fig. 13), a French dermatologist and syphilologist, described erythroderma with cellules monstrueuses (monster cells) in the skin and blood, which is now known as Sézary syndrome or Sézary disease.
Tzanck test [19,20] In dermatopathology, the Tzanck test, also Tzanck smear, is scraping of an ulcer base to look for Tzanck cells.It is sometimes also called the Chickenpox skin test and the herpes skin test.It is named after Arnault Tzanck (1886-1954), (Fig. 14), a French dermatologist.

Dermatology Eponyms
There are many diseases in medicine which are named after scientists.These so-called "eponyms" have become quite commonplace in medical literature and offer important historical insight.These eponyms originated from different countries around the world.In Table I [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].I listed selected eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Switzerland.Switzerland is situated in western Europe.Its current population is estimated to be 8 million people.It is known for many people around the world by its productions of many good and beautiful things.For examples, high quality hand watches.Many scientific contributions in medicine came also from Switzerland.The well-known whonamedit website, (www.whonamedit.com), listed till now more than 100 scientists from Switzerland for whom many medical conditions were named.In addition, many scientists from Switzerland win Nobel Prize in its different branches.As a matter of fact, when it comes to Nobel Prize winners per capita, Switzerland is head and shoulders above the competition.The first winner from Switzerland in Physiology or Medicine is Emil Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), (Fig. 12), for his work in the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid.He was awarded in 1909.Many scientists from Europe were also teaching medicine in Switzerland.For example Jacob Henle (1809-1885), a German scientist for whom, Henle's Layer of the Internal Root Sheath, was named.Also, Johann Lukas Schönlein (1793-1864) a German scientist, who made important medical discoveries.All were made during his years in Zurich, the socalled typhoid crystals in patients' stools (1836), "peliosis rheumatica" (1837), and-most important-the causative agent of favus (1839), a fungus later named Achorion schoenleinii [19].Henoch-Schönlein purpura is named for him and for his former student from Germany Eduard Heinrich Henoch (1820-1910).Trichophyton schönleinii is still acceptable term, named for him.Also, there are scientists from outside Switzerland who had medical training in Switzerland like the famous American dermatologist, Marion Baldur Sulzberger (1895-1983).On the other hand there are scientists from Switzerland who continued their researches and career outside Switzerland.Willy Burgdorfer is an example.Burgdorfer, (Fig. 13), is an American scientist born and educated in Basel, Switzerland.He is an international leader in the field of medical entomology.He is famous for his discovery of the bacterial pathogen that causes Lyme disease, a spirochete named Borrelia burgdorferi in his honor.He isolated the bacterium in 1982 [20].It is to be mentioned that some of the eponyms linked to Switzerland are no longer in common use in medicine.For example, Rickettsia mooseri is an old name for Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus.It is named for Hans Mooser, a Professor of bacteriology in Zurich.It is, also, a well-known and not uncommon phenomenon, that eponyms often become associated with names of people who are not, in fact, identical with the person who first described or discovered a given state or circumstance.This applies to eponyms linked to Switzerland.The du Bois sign is an example.Neither was Charles du Bois the first person to describe the shortened fifth finger in cases of congenital syphilis, nor did he devise the sign's currently accepted description (Tabl.I).Lastly, it is needless to say that eponyms originated from a given country provide just an inclusive and not a conclusive idea about its overall scientific contributions.
BSS is another name for Incontinentia pigmenti (IP).IP is an x-linked dominant condition that affects skin, teeth, eyes and may also have neurological problems.IP is more commonly used term than BBS.Garrod reported the first probable case of incontinentia pigmenti in 1906 and described it as a peculiar pigmentation of the skin in an infant with mental deficiency and tetraplegia.Subsequently, Bloch and Sulzberger further defined the condition in 1926 and 1928, respectively, as a clinical syndrome.Bruno Bloch (1878-1933), (Fig. 1) is a Swiss dermatologist.His name is also linked to "Bloch's reaction'' or more commonly named "Dopa stain'', which is, a dark staining observed in fresh tissue sections to which a solution of dopa has been applied, presumably due to the presence of dopa oxidase in the protoplasm of certain cells.Marion Baldur Sulzberger (1895-1983), was one of the most famous American dermatologists.He had received his training in dermatology in Zurich (Switzerland) from 1926 to 1929.
Fanconi anemia [2,4] It is one of the rare hereditary diseases characterized by genetic defects of DNA repair mechanisms, which share many clinical features such as growth retardation, neurological disorders, premature ageing, skin alterations including abnormal pigmentation, telangiectasia, xerosis cutis, pathological wound healing as well as an increased risk of developing different types of cancer.It is named for, Guido Fanconi (1892-1979), (Fig. 2); a Swiss paediatrician.His name is also linked to Fanconi syndrome (osteomalacia, aminoaciduria, hyperphosphaturia, glycosuria and aciduria).Horner syndrome [6] This syndrome is characterized by drooping of the eyelid (ptosis) and constriction of the pupil (miosis), sometimes accompanied by decreased sweating of the face on the same side.It occurs due to a defect in the sympathetic nervous system.It is named after Johann Friedrich Horner (1831-1886), (Fig. 4), a Swiss doctor who laterBecame an ophthalmologist.He was the founder of modern scientific Swiss ophthalmology.

A courtesy of National library of Medicine
Eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Switzerland Remarks Jadassohn-Tieche nevus [7,8] This term was once used for a blue nevus.It is named after Max Tièche (1878-1938), (Fig. 5), a Swiss physician and Joseph Jadassohn (1863-1936), a German dermatologist.
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS) [9] LHS is a rare acquired disorder characterized by diffuse macular hyperpigmentation of the oral mucosa and, at times, longitudinal melanonychia.Laugier-Hunziker syndrome was first described in 1970 by Laugier (from France) and Hunziker (from Switzerland).
The first recognizable description of EPS was provided by Fischer in 1927 but was offered as an example of Kyrle disease.Jones and Smith also described elastosis perforans serpiginosa in 1947 but mistook it for porokeratosis of Mibelli.In 1953, Lutz recognized the features of EPS as those of an unknown disease and termed the condition keratosis follicularis serpiginosa.Miescher believed the condition was unique and termed it elastoma intrapapillare perforans verruciform.Eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Switzerland Remarks Miescher's cheilitis [12] Miescher's cheilitis is another less commonly used name for Granulomatous cheilitis.Miescher's cheilitis is named for Alfred Guido Miescher.Granulomatous cheilitis or cheilitis granulomatosa is a monosymptomatic form of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS).MRS is characterized by a triad of symptoms, typically with an onset in childhood or youth.It comprises recurrent facial paralysis (in 30% of cases), chronic edema of face and lips and fissured tongue (lingua plicata).MRS was described by Melkersson in 1928 and, Rosenthal in 1931 emphasized that lingua plicata (fissured tongue) is commonly related.However, there are several earlier descriptions of the condition-by Paul Hübschmann (1894), Lothar von Frankl-Hochwart (1891) and Grigorii Ivanovich Rossolimo (1901).Ernst Gustaf Melkersson (1898-1932) was born and educated in Sweden.Later, he worked at the medical department of the Gothenburg Sahlgrenska sjukhuset.Curt Rosenthal (1892-1937), was born in Germany and worked at the University of Breslau psychiatry and neurology clinic.The designation Melkersson's syndrome was suggested to honor Melkersson, who had died so young, but the term Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome has now been generally accepted.
Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome (NFJS) [13] It is a rare symptom complex out of the spectrum of ectodermal dysplasia.The main clinical findings are absence of dermatoglyphs, reticularor mottled hyperpigmentation, hypohidrosis and nail dystrophy.NFJS is named after Oskar Naegeli, Adolphe Franceschetti and Josef Jadassohn.
It is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by ocular changes, painful palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, and mental retardation.This syndrome is reported first by, Dr. Hermann Richner, Swiss dermatologist, born September 6, 1908, in Zürich.
Secretan's syndrome [15] It is an edema of the limbs due to factitious factors like self-inflicted trauma with a hard object.In 1916, Henri-Francois Secretin (1856-1916), (Fig. 10), a Swiss physician, reported this condition.

Remarks
The du Bois sign [16] The du Bois sign is a common but generally very unclearly defined term.It was possible to show that the origin of the term is based on the observations made by the Swiss dermatologist Charles du Bois in connection with congenital syphilis in 1926.The du Bois sign was defined as a shift in the volar skin crease of the distal joint of the fifth finger in the proximal direction as compared with the intermediate joint of the ring finger by Rene´ Hissard in 1932.Charles du Bois (1874-1947), was the Director of the Dermatological Syphiligraphic Clinic of the Medical Faculty in Geneva.This sign is sometimes wrongly attributed to Paul Dubois (1795-1871), a French gynecologist.The du Bois sign is a description of a brachydactylic condition of the fifth finger.This characteristic should not be seen as being of particular clinical significance on its own.If at all, the du Bois sign may be of limited use for diagnosing congenital syphilis, but only in combination with other symptoms or by way of supplementary evidence.Some authors suggested that this term to be replaced with brachymesophalangia 5 (BMP 5).
In recognition of Koyanagi's outstanding contribution and publications, the government conferred on him the posthumous Decoration of the Second Order of the Sacred Treasure.Einosuke Harada (1892-1946), was a Japanese ophthalmologist.Harada started to practice in the city of Nagasaki in 1930, where his hospital was destroyed by the atomic bomb on August 9, 1945; although he survived the bomb, Harada died before he could restart his practice.Alfred Vogt (1879-1943), (Fig. 11), was one of three ophthalmologists from the German-speaking part of Switzerland who had an exceptional impact on ophthalmology during the 20th century; the other two were Hans Goldmann (1899-1991) and Franz Fankhauser (1924-).Vogt is known for his natural gift of observation, his extraordinary memory for facts, and an enormous working capacity.

Dermatology Eponyms
Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million [1].There are several medical eponyms originated from this country.In Table I [2-8] we listed selected eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Sweden.The Online Wikipedia, referred to interesting facts about the scientific advancement of this country.Sweden tops other European countries in the number of published scientific works per capita.It ranks in the top five countries with respect to low infant mortality.It also ranks high in life expectancy [1].Swedish inventors hold a total of 33,523 patents in the United States as of 2007, according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office.As a nation, only ten other countries hold more patents than Sweden [1].The Nobel Prize is well-known all over the world.It is instituted by Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) (Fig. 1), who was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer.He was the inventor of dynamite.Dermatologists around the world is also remembering Sweden for, Acta Dermato-Venereologica, which is an international peer-review journal for clinical and experimental research in the field of dermatology and venereology published in Sweden since 1920.

Remarks
Löfgren's syndrome [4] In 1952, a Swedish clinician, Sven Löfgren (1901-1978) (Fig. 3), described the combination of erythema nodosum, polyarthritis, fever, and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, called Lofgren's syndrome, the most usual form of acute sarcoidosis.It is usually self-limiting, with a generally good prognosis.Given its multi-systemic nature and unspecific manifestations, clinical presentations of this acute-onset form of sarcoidosis can be missed and mistaken for cellulitis or other rheumatic conditions, especially in an ED setting.This is further complicated by the existence of variants, where some patients present with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and periarticular inflammation of the ankles without erythema nodosum.The treatment for Löfgren's syndrome is primarily conservative, with NSAIDs and bed rest recommended.Some patients also require corticosteroids as second-line therapy.

Remarks
Schaumann's bodies [5,6] Calcium-containing inclusion bodies found in the cytoplasm of giant cells in sarcoidosis, berylliosis and uncommonly, in Crohn's disease and tuberculosis.These bodies were first described by the German physician Oscar von Schüppel (1837-1881) in 1871, and by Max Askanazy  in 1921 as Kalkdrusen.But it is named for Jörgen Nilsen Schaumann (1879-1953), a Swedish dermatologist.It is to be mentioned that, a number of cytoplasmic structures/inclusions can be identified within the granulomas of sarcoidosis, including asteroid bodies, Schaumann's bodies, calcium oxalate crystals, and Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies; the last two of these can cause difficulties in differential diagnosis.Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies (alternatively termed yellow-brown bodies, yellow bodies, Hamazaki corpuscles) are structures of unknown significance, which have been periodically documented in the sinuses of lymph nodes in numerous anatomic locations and myriad medical conditions, including appendicitis, cirrhosis, lymphoid tumours, colon carcinoma and numerous others, most famously sarcoidosis.Initially described by Hamazaki in 1938 in mesenteric lymph nodes, 6 and later noted by Menne in 1952 in 70% of mesenteric lymph nodes removed during appendectomies.

Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) [8]
It is a rare autosomal recessive condition comprising congenital ichthyotic hyperkeratosis, spastic diplegia, mild to moderate mental retardation, and retinopathy.It is named for Karl Gustaf Torsten Sjögren (1896-1974) and Tage Konrad Leopold Larsson .Karl Gustaf Torsten Sjögren (1896-1974) (Fig. 5), a Swedish psychiatrist and geneticist, was a pioneer of modern Swedish psychiatry.Among his many contributions to medicine, he is credited for describing several medical conditions, which were later named after him, including Graefe-Sjögren syndrome, Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome, and Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS).During his work on juvenile amaurotic idiocy,Sjögren forged collaboration with Tage K.L. Larsson, a statistics lecturer at the University of Lund.Their study on the combination of oligophrenia, congenital ichthyosis, and spastic disorders in 1957 established the clinical and genetic profile of a new disease entity, later known as Sjogren-Larsson syndrome (SLS).The incidence of SLS in Sweden is 1 in 100,000, rising to 1 in 10,000 in the northwest region of Vasterbotten.

Historical Article
Finland is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe.The population of Finland is currently about 5.4 million [1].It is developed in many fields, and particularly in education.This year in the 2013 Reporters Without Borders World Press Freedom Index, and for the third year running, Finland has distinguished itself as the country that most respects media freedom.There are names in medicine linked to Finland.These names might be after a place or after scientists from Finland [1].For instance, Aland Island eye disease (AIED), also known as Forsius-Eriksson syndrome, is an X-linked recessive retinal disease characterized by a combination of fundus hypopigmentation, decreased visual acuity, nystagmus, astigmatism, protan color vision defect, progressive myopia, and defective dark adaptation.Electroretinography reveals abnormalities in both photopic and scotopic functions.The gene locus for AIED has been mapped to the pericentromeric region of the X-chromosome [2].It is named after Henrik Forsius, Finnish ophthalmologist and Aldur Wictor Eriksson, Finnish human geneticist.It is named Åland Island eye disease because it is reported first and common in Åland which is a group of islands in the Bay of Finland, between Finland and Sweden.However, one of the commonest eponym linked to Finland mentioned in dermatology literature and the literature of medicine in general is Von Willebrand's disease (vWD).vWD is the most common inherited bleeding disorder.It is characterized by a deficiency in the clotting protein called von Willebrand's Factor; the most common symptom is prolonged bleeding time.The clotting protein Factor VIII may also be involved.vWD may present with cutaneous bruising and/or bleeding.However the latter may be a manifestation of a hereditary or acquired qualitative or quantitative platelet disorder, disturbance of the vascular or supporting structure, or it may be due to one of several acquired systemic disorders3.vWD is named after Erik Adolf von Willebrand (1870-1949) [4][5][6][7].
Erik Adolf von Willebrand (Fig. 1) is a Finnish internist, born in Vasa; a seaport city located in western Finland and died in, Pernå.He discovered the most common inherited bleeding disorder while studying the genetic traits of a family in the Åland Islands in Finland [4][5][6][7].Von Willebrand published two papers on Physiology and Clinical Management in Treatment with Hot Air.Throughout his lifetime he maintained his interest in the latter form of treatment as well as in metabolic disorders and haematological problems.He focused on blood changes during muscular exercise, metabolism and obesity, as well as carbon dioxide and water exchange through the human skin.Von Willebrand wrote many articles about obesity, gout and diabetes mellitus.He detailed a technique for evaluating ketone bodies in urine in 1912.He wrote about managing diabetes with diet, and he was a pioneer in insulin use.In 1922, von Willebrand wrote about using insulin to treat diabetic coma.He was the author of several hematology articles as well [5].Von Willebrand remains most famous, however, for his description of vWD.A disease he encountered among the inhabitants of the Åland Islands.In 1925, he examined a 5-year-old girl with a history of bleeding who had been brought to Helsinki for treatment [5].The little girl was the ninth of 12 children.Four of her siblings bled to death at an early age.Both of her parents came from families with bleeding disorders.Von Willebrand was curious to know more, so he traveled to the Åland Islands to study the disease in depth.He mapped the family pedigree and found that 23 of the 66 family members had bleeding problems.Von Willebrand concluded that this was a previously unknown type of hemophilia.Initially, he called the disease "hereditary pseudo-hemophilia" because of the prolonged bleeding time.As he studied the disease more, he came to believe that platelets were involved, so he renamed it "constitution-al thrombopathy".He noted his findings about the family in a 1926 report [5].In 1994, the Åland Islands issued a postal stamp to honor von Willebrand's work [5].

Dermatology Eponyms
An eponym is a word derived from the name of a person.The use of eponyms has long been contentious, but many remain in common use.Medical literature in general, has many eponyms, coined after scientists from all over the world.In this communication, we shall highlight on selected eponyms linked to Norway in dermatology literature.Norway has a population of about 5 million and it is the second least densely populated country in Europe.Yet, it was, and still the birthplace for great scientists.The strive for scientific advance and humanitarianism are among the characteristics of this small country.It has few examples of medical scientists that has discovered and cultivated unknown territory [1].Most dermatologists are aware of the term "Norwegian scabies'', which is currently best known as "crusted scabies'', a condition where the patient may harbor up to many millions of mites.This type of scabies was called Norwegian scabies on account of its first recognition in Norway in 1848 among patients with leprosy [2].The well-known whonamedit website, (www.whonamedit.com), listed till now more than 30 medical eponyms linked to Norway.But some of these medical eponyms are no longer in common use in medicine.For example, Følling's disease or Følling's syndrome is the eponymous name for the autosomal recessive metabolic genetic disorder; Phenylketonuria (PKU) [1] .Asbjørn Følling (1888-1973), was a Norwegian physiologist.He discovered "his disease" (phenylketonuria = PKU) in 1934.He discovered the first link between metabolic disease and brain development [1].Another example of medical eponym linked to Norway, which is not popular at present time is Harbitz-Müller syndrome, which is best known, as familial hypercholesterolemia [3].Francis Gottfred Harbitz (1867-1950), and Carl Arnoldus Müller (1886-1983), were both Norwegian physicians.From 1925 to 1938, the pathologist, Francis Harbitz, published several reports on sudden death and xanthomatosis.Harbitz called attention to certain peculiarities of the xanthomatosis.Microscopically he found that the so-called foam cells are more marked and more characteristic than in senile arteriosclerosis [3].However, some medical eponyms linked to Norway are still in common use.In Table I  Hansen's disease This term is used as a synonym for leprosy.Descending from a Danish family, Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1845-1917) (Fig. 2), Graduated in medicine in 1866 from the University at Christiana (the former name of Oslo).He began his work on a disease known as leprosy at the age of 26 and as an assistant of Daniel Cornelius Danielssen (1815-1894), at the Lungegaarden Hospital [5].While Danielssen leaned toward heredity as a dominant factor in leprosy, Hansen's conviction was that the disease must have an infectious causal agent [5].In about 1871, Hansen began to observe tiny little rods in tissue specimens and considered they could be the etiologic agent of leprosy, the more he found these rods in all the infiltrated nodular lesions in his patients.Finally, he proposed on February 28, 1873, that the rods were bacilli, responsible of leprosy [5].He edited the journal <<Lepra>>.Hansen was also an eminent zoologist engaged in studies involving mollusks and worms; since 1874, he was president of the Bergen Museum of Natural History.Armauer Hansen died on February 12, 1912, and the funeral ceremonies took place in the Museum of Bergen where his ashes are still kept [5].Sigvald Bernhard Refsum (1907-1991) (Fig. 3), was an outstanding Norwegian neurologist, highly respected and recognized both nationally and internationally.He first described this disorder and noted the hereditary aspect.In his monograph from 1946 he named the disease "heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis"; however, it was rapidly known as Refsum's disease.Twenty years later, two German scientists, Klenk and Kahlke, detected large amounts of a peculiar branched-chain fatty acid, phytanic acid, in a Refsum patient.This started an amazing revelation of the biochemical background of the disease, and also led to a logical and effective treatment.Although Refsum's disease is extremely rare, it has become well-known due to this elucidation of both the normal metabolism of phytanic acid and the pathophysiology of the disease [7][8][9][10].

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. François Henri Hallopeau (1842-1919) Figure 3. Henri Gougerot (1881-1955) Figure 1.Picture of Liliane Schnitzler who was the first women to be made a Professor in dermatology, in France, and head of department at the age of 31.

Figure 1 .Figure 2
Figure 1.Bruno Bloch (1878-1933).With kind permission of The Alumni Association of the Medical Faculty of the University of Basel / Switzerland

Figure 5 .Figure 6
Figure 5. Max Tièche (1878-1938).A courtesy of Archives of the Institute for the History of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Figure 8 .Figure 9 .
Figure 8. Oskar Naegeli (1885-1959).A courtesy of Archives of the Institute for the History of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Caesar Peter Møller Boeck (1845-1917).Courtesy, National Library of Medicine Refsum disease is an autosomal recessive inborn error of lipid metabolism classically characterized by a tetrad of clinical abnormalities: retinitis pigmentosa peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar ataxia, and elevated protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) without an increase in the number of cells.The disease presented in the skin as ichthyotic changes[7][8][9][10].

2013 427 Figure 6. Stanislaus von Prowazek (1875-1915)
Germany officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is of the European conuntries.With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state in the European Union.

Table I . Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Austria (continued)
434 © Our Dermatol Online.Suppl.2.2013Copyright by Khalid AlAboud, et al.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Table I . Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Greece (continued)
436 © Our Dermatol Online.Suppl.2.2013

Table I . Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Italy (continued) 438
© Our Dermatol Online.Suppl.2.2013