EPONYMS IN THE DERMATOLOGY LITERATURE LINKED TO DENMARK

Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, as it is known, is a state in the Scandinavian region of Northern Europe. The estimated population is around ,5,580,413. The national language is Danish [1]. Denmark has one of the world’s highest per capita income. For 2013, Denmark is listed 15th on the Human Development Index.Danish engineers are world-leading in providing diabetes care equipment and medication products [1]. The most famous medical eponyms linked to Denmark are The Bartholin glands and Hirschsprung disease. The Bartholin glands are two glands located slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina They were first described in 1677, by the Danish anatomist Caspar Bartholin the Younger (1655–1738) [2]. Some sources mistakenly ascribe their discovery to his grandfather, theologian and anatomist Caspar Bartholin the Elder (1585–1629). Gaspard Bartholin had the good fortune during his stay in Paris to meet Joseph Guichard du Verney, a French anatomist who had discovered the glandula vestibuloris major. Back in Copenhagen he was appointed professor of anatomy. At the age of 21, he described the physiology of the glandula vestibuloris major, later known as Batholin’s gland. Ennobled, laden with honours, he was later appointed personal physician to the king of Denmark until his death in 1738 [2]. Hirschsprung disease is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system and is characterized by an absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon resulting in a functional obstruction. The first report of Hirschsprung disease dates back to 1691, however, the disease is named after Harald Hirschsprung (18301916), the Danish physician who first described two infants who died of this disorder in 1888 [3]. In Table I [4-9], we highlighted on selected eponyms in dermatology literature, linked to Denmark. EPONYMS IN THE DERMATOLOGY LITERATURE LINKED TO DENMARK


Historical Article
Italy is one of the largest European countries.With 60.8 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe [1].It has been ranked as the world's 25th most-developed country and it Quality-of-life Index was ranked in the world's top ten in 2005.Italy enjoys a very high standard of living and has a high public education level [1].
It ranks as having the world's 2nd best healthcare system, and the world's 3rd best healthcare performance.Italy had the 12th highest worldwide life expectancy in 2010 [1].Many of the important dermatology educational resources and periodicals are based in Italy.
In Table I [2-16], we listed selected eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Italy.

Remarks
Anetoderma of Jadassohn-Pellizzari [2] Anetoderma is clinically characterized by localized areas of flaccid or herniated sack-like skin.
Currently it is usually classified into two clinical groups: primary anetoderma, which arises from previously normal skin and secondary anetoderma, which occurs at sites of skin diseases such as syphilis, acne, lupus, or varicella.Primary anetoderma can be divided into Schweninger-Buzzi type (no preceding erythema) and Jadassohn-Pellizzari type (preceded by macular erythema or papular urticaria).In addition to Pellizzari's anetoderma, the Italian dermatologist, Celso Pellizzari (1851-1925), (Fig. 1).Also, discovered several nosologic entities such as colloid pseudomilium.
Angiokeratoma of Mibelli (also porokeratosis of Mibelli) [3] Angiokeratoma of Mibelli and porokeratosis of Mibelli, both are well known skin diseases are named after, Vittorio Mibelli (1860-1910), (Fig. 2), who was an Italian dermatologist born in Portoferraio, Elba.Canizares in 1957 introduced the disorder to American literature and also named it after its two pioneers.Linear atrophoderma of Moulin (LAM) is a rare dermatologic disorder characterized by a hyperpigmented atrophoderma that consistently follows the lines of Blaschko.This disease was first referred to as Atrophoderma of Moulin after Dr. Moulin who first reported it in 1992 then was renamed as linear atrophoderma of Moulin.There are many clinical and histologic similarities between LAM, atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini (APP), and morphea, and whether LAM represents part of a disease spectrum or its own distinct entity is debated.

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Italy
Gianotti-Crosti syndrome [8,9] Also known as papular acrodermatitis of childhood.It is a skin rash asoociated with viral infections.It is named after, Ferdinando Gianotti , who was an Italian physician and Agostino Crosti , who was an Italian dermatologist, and Professor of Dermatology in Milan.Crosti's syndrome is named, also, after Agostino Crosti.
Golgi apparatus [10] The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryoticcells.It was identified in 1897 by Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898.Camillo Golgi (1843-926), (Fig. 3), was an Italian physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate.
Haemophilus ducreyi [11] It is a gram-negative coccobacillus causing the sexually transmitted disease chancroid, a major cause of genital ulceration in developing countries.It is named for, Agosto Ducrey (1860-1940), (Fig. 4), who was an Italian dermatologist.
Malpighian layer [12] The Malpighian layer of the skin is a term that is generally defined as both the stratum basale and stratum spinosum as a unit.It is named for an Italian doctor; Marcello Malpighi (1628-694), (Fig. 5).
Pasini type of epidermolysis bullosa [13][14][15][16] The autosomal dominant of dystrophic epidermolysis (DDEB) has been conventionally divided into Pasini and Cockayne-Touraine variants on the basis of the presence or absence of whitish dermal papules, so-called albopapuloid lesions, respectively.But the issue is clouded by the fact that albopapuloid lesions, which are most often seen on the trunk, are probably not specific.In 1928, Pasini described a single family whose EB was distinguished by the presence of numerous white papules that he called 'albopapuloid' lesions.Larger series of patients with DDEB were reported by Cockayne (1933) and Touraine (1942).

Table I . Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to Italy (continued) 438
© Our Dermatol Online.Suppl.2.2013