A MINI-REVIEW ON EPONYMS IN THE DERMATOLOGY LITERATURE LINKED TO FRANCE

France officially the French Republic France is the largest country in Western Europe and the third-largest in Europe as a whole [1]. It possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world. It has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military, and political influence in Europe and around the world. Its estimated current population is around 65,350,000 . The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997 and then again in 2000. Care is generally free for people affected by chronic diseases [1]. Many eponyms we use them currently, in our dermatology practice, originated from France. For example, Schnitzler’s syndrome which is characterized by recurrent urticarial rash and monoclonal gammopathy is named after the French dermatologist L. Schnitzler (Fig. 1) who first described this syndrome in 1972. As a matter of fact one my need to write a book if he or she wish to discuss French dermatological eponyms in details. However, in this communication, we meant to shed some lights only, on some examples of French dermatological eponyms, which we summarized it in Table I [2-20]. A MINI-REVIEW ON EPONYMS IN THE DERMATOLOGY LITERATURE LINKED TO FRANCE

France officially the French Republic France is the largest country in Western Europe and the third-largest in Europe as a whole [1].It possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world.It has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military, and political influence in Europe and around the world.Its estimated current population is around 65,350,000 .The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997 and then again in 2000.Care is generally free for people affected by chronic diseases [1].Many eponyms we use them currently, in our dermatology practice, originated from France.For example, Schnitzler's syndrome which is characterized by recurrent urticarial rash and monoclonal gammopathy is named after the French dermatologist L. Schnitzler (Fig. 1) who first described this syndrome in 1972.As a matter of fact one my need to write a book if he or she wish to discuss French dermatological eponyms in details.However, in this communication, we meant to shed some lights only, on some examples of French dermatological eponyms, which we summarized it in Table I [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].

Table I. Selected Eponyms in the dermatology literature linked to France
Degos disease [5] Robert Degos , (Fig. 5), was a French dermatologist who described several dermatoses including Degos disease (also called malignant atrophic papulosis) which is an extremely rare vasculopathy which results in tissue infarction.
Erythema induratum of Bazin [6] In 1861, Bazin gave the name erythema induratum to a nodular eruption that occurred on the lower legs of young women with tuberculosis.Erythema induratum/nodular vasculitis complex is classified into 2 variants: erythema induratum of Bazin type and nodular vasculitis or erythema induratum of Whitfield type.The Bazin type is related with tuberculous origin, but Whitfield type is not.Ernest Bazin (1894-1964), (Fig. 6), was a French physician.
Favre-Racouchot syndrome [7] It is a disorder consisting of multiple open and closed comedones in the presence of actinically damaged skin.It is named after the French dermatologist Maurice Favre (1876-1954) and his pupil Jean Racouchot ).
Fournier's gangrene [8] Fulminating infection of the scrotum leading to gangrene and commonly associated with diabetes.It is a type of necrotizing infection or gangrene usually affecting the perineum.It was first described by Baurienne in 1764 and is named after, Jean Alfred Fournier (1832-1914), French dermatologist (Fig. 7).
Griscelli syndrome (GS) [9] It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by albinism (hypopigmentation) with immunodeficiency, that usually causes death by early childhood.It is caused by mutations in either the myosin VA (GS1), RAB27A (GS2) or melanophilin (GS3) genes.The three GS subtypes are commonly characterized by pigment dilution of the skin and hair, due to defects involving melanosome transport in melanocytes.It is named after Claude Griscelli, (Fig. 8), born in 1936, professor of pediatry at Hôpital des Enfants-Malades in Paris.
Jacquet dermatitis [11] It is another name for erosive form of irritant napkin dermatitis.The first true description of diaper dermatitis was made by Jacquet in 1905.
Laugier-Hunziker syndrome (LHS) [12] LHS is a rare acquired disorder characterized by diffuse macular hyperpigmentation ofthe oral mucosa and, at times, longitudinal melanonychia.Laugier-Hunziker syndromewas first described in 1970 by Laugier (from France) and Hunziker (from Switzerland).Pautrier microabscess [13] An intraepidermal collections of malignant lymphocytes, seen in cutaneous cell lymphoma.It is named after Lucien-Marie Pautrier, although he did not first describe them.Lucien-Marie Pautrier (1876-1959), (Fig. 10), was a French dermatologist, who headed a leading department at the medical school of Strasbourg.
Poikiloderma of Civatte [15,16] It refers to erythema associated with a mottled pigmentation seen on the sides of the neck more commonly in women.Civatte first described the condition in 1923.Achille Civatte (1877-1956), (Fig. 11), was a French physician.
Sabouraud agar [17,18] It is a type of agar containing peptones.It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and other types of fungi.It was created by, and is named after, Raymond Sabouraud in 1892.Raymond Sabouraud (1864-1938), (Fig. 12), was a French physician born in Nantes.He specialized in dermatology and mycology, and was also an accomplished painter and sculptor.
Sézary syndrome [13] In a series of papers from 1938 to 1949, Albert Sézary (1880-1956), (Fig. 13), a French dermatologist and syphilologist, described erythroderma with cellules monstrueuses (monster cells) in the skin and blood, which is now known as Sézary syndrome or Sézary disease.
Tzanck test [19,20] In dermatopathology, the Tzanck test, also Tzanck smear, is scraping of an ulcer base to look for Tzanck cells.It is sometimes also called the Chickenpox skin test and the herpes skin test.It is named after Arnault Tzanck (1886-1954), (Fig. 14), a French dermatologist.

Figure 2 Figure 1 .
Figure 2. François Henri Hallopeau (1842-1919) Figure 3. Henri Gougerot (1881-1955) Figure 1.Picture of Liliane Schnitzler who was the first women to be made a Professor in dermatology, in France, and head of department at the age of 31.