The mistery of Juliet’s death after Romeo’s kiss. Romeo had drunk a powerful venom

Piotr Brzezinski, Lorenzo Martini

University of Siena, Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy

Corresponding author: Prof. Lorenzo Martini, M.Sc., E-mail: martinil163@libero.it

Submission: 22.10.2018; Acceptance: 01.03.2019

DOI: 10.7241/ourd.20193.33

Cite this article: Brzezinski P, Martini L. The mistery of Juliet’s death after Romeo’s kiss. Romeo had drunk a powerful venom. Our Dermatol Online. 2019;10(3):321-322.

Citation tools: 

BibTex  |  CSV   |  RIS  |  refer/BiblX  |  Endnote XML  |  Wikipedia Citation Templates

Related Content

Copyright information
© Our Dermatology Online 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by Our Dermatology Online.


Sir,

Before to begin this dissertation it is better to explain three important physiological and chemical behaviours, that could embody finally the simplest explication of this strange pharmacological demeanour.

  • The benzodiazepines nitrazepam and clonazepam were found to be unstable in saliva at room temperature and nitrazepam was converted into 7-aminonitrazepam. The conversion rate of nitrazepam was strongly dependent on the composition of the subject’s saliva., and for this reason both nitrazepam and clonazepam did not induce a real drowsiness in the woman who underwent the cunnilictus [1].
  • There exist a racial difference: some A.A. referred that individual differences exist between patients, and, for topical therapy, differences in skin due to race had be taken in consideration. Pharmacological response depends upon the percutaneous absorption and the inherent activity of the chemical once absorbed into the biological system. Our objective was to determine the in vivo percutaneous absorption of three test chemicals in human subjects with Asian (A), black (B) and Caucasian (C) ethnic skin. Following a 30 min topical application on the upper outer arm of 1 Mmol/cm 214C-labeled chemical, percutaneous absorption was determined by both urinary excretion and the stripping technique. Amounts absorbed were: for benzoic acid 1.43 ± 0.27% (SD) (A), 1.07 ± 0.18% (B), 1.2 ± 0.19% (C); for caffeine 1.06 ± 0.17% (A), 1.01 ± 0.19% (B) and 0.96 ± 0.12% (C); for acetylsalicylic acid 1.8 ± 0.31% (A), 1.59 ± 0.31% (B) and 2.12 ± 0.36% (C). No statistical difference (P>0.05) was found in percutaneous absorption of benzoic acid, caffeine or acetylsalicylic acid between Asian, black and Caucasian subjects [27].
  • There are physiological and physipathological factors to be observed before experimentations. Factors related to the vaginal physiology include pH of vagina (3.5 to 4.9), effect of the estrus cycle on the permeability of the vaginal mucosa, thickness of vaginal epithelium, vaginal fluid volume, chemical composition of fluid, pH, viscosity and surface tension and the pressure exerted on the dosage form by the rectal wall, play a vital role in vaginal drug absorption and sexual arousal, mucociliary clearance (MCC), vaginal obstruction, etc. which affect either the mucus or ciliary heating and vaginal blood flow. 2) Physicochemical Factors: Factors related to the dosage forms are physicochemical characteristics of the active ingredients; pH and mucosal irritancy; osmolarity; viscosity (solution, gels) and density (powder, tablet) to the formulation; concentration and volume administration; and type of dosage forms; particle size of the molecule of drug, hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of drug molecule, molecular weight of drug molecule, chemical nature, ionization surface charge, etc.

In tables was presented the list of the benzodiazepines and their relative half lives the A.A (Table 1) and the hours of drowsiness induced in the women after having undergone the cunnilictus (Table 2).

Table 1: All the kinds of hypnotics the AA assumed to make their proofs
Table 2: The hours of drowsiness induced in the women after having undergone the cunnilictus

It is very odd the phenomenon that the longer is the half life of the benzodiazepines, the shorter is the induced drowsiness in the woman.

Exhaustive efforts have been made toward the administration of drugs, via alternative routes, that are poorly absorbed after the oral administration. The vagina as a route of drug delivery has been known since ancient times. In recent years, the vaginal route could be rediscovered as a potential route for systemic delivery of benzodiazepines and other therapeutically important macromolecules. However, successful delivery of drugs through the vagina remains a challenge, primarily due to the poor absorption across the vaginal epithelium [7].

It is quite interesting to notice that Case IV (Clonazepam) that has been destroyed by saliva is not able to induce drowsiness in the woman. Nitrazepam too is inactive at all.

Consent

The examination of the patient was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki principles.

REFERENCES

1. Hart BJ, Wilting J, de Gier JJ, The stability of benzodiazepines in salivaMethod Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1988; 10: 21-6.

2. Lotte C, Wester RC, Rougier A, Maibach HI, Racial differences in the in vivo percutaneous absorption of some organic compounds: a comparison between black, Caucasian and Asian subjectsArch Dermatol Res 1993; 284: 456-9.

3. Martínez KG, Franco-Chaves JA, Milad MR, Quirk GJ, Ethnic differences in physiological responses to fear conditioned stimuliPLoS One 2014; 9: e114977-

4. Lee HJ, Jang HL, Ahn DK, Kim HJ, Jeon HY, Seo DB, Orally administered collagen peptide protects against UVB-induced skin aging through the absorption of dipeptide forms, Gly-Pro and Pro-HypBiosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 11: 1-11.

5. Smolinska A, Baranska A, Dallinga JW, Mensink RP, Baumgartner S, van de Heijning BJM, Comparing patterns of volatile organic compounds exhaled in breath after consumption of two infant formulae with a different lipid structure: a randomized trialSci Rep 2019; 9: 554-

6. Caselli A, Hanane T, Jane B, Carter S, Khaodhiar L, Veves A, Topical methyl nicotinate-induced skin vasodilation in diabetic neuropathyJ Diabetes Complications 2003; 17: 205-10.

7. Hussain A, Ahsan F, The vagina as a route for systemic drug deliveryJ Control Release 2005; 103: 301-13.

Notes

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Request permissions
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the e-mail (brzezoo77@yahoo.com) to contact with publisher.

Related Content:

Related Articles Search Authors in

      http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6817-606X

 

Comments are closed.