INTRODUCTION

Aggressive angiomyxoma is a rare, locally invasive, slowly growing, recurrent soft tissue tumor that occurs in women of reproductive age [1,2]. It usually involves the pelvis, vulva, perineum, vagina and urinary bladder. Clinically it presents as a pedunculated polyp or a polypoidal mass and needs to be differentiated from other polypoidal lesions that occur at the same site [2–4]. Owing to its high rate of recurrence appropriate management and a close long term clinical follow up is required [4,5].

CASE REPORT

A 43 year old woman presented with a slowly growing mass in the vulva since 4 months. It was gradually progressive in size and painful. The patient also complained of serous discharge. On examination a polypoidal, spongy mass was present in the vulva measuring 6 x 4 cm. Skin over the lesion was focally ulcerated. An excision biopsy was performed and the specimen was sent for histopathological examination. On gross examination the skin covered polypoidal, soft nodular mass measured 6.5 x 4 x 3.5 cm. Focal the skin surface was ulcerated (Fig. 1). Cut section revealed myxoid areas with focal cystic areas (Fig. 2). On histopathological examination, focally ulcerated stratified squamous epithelium was observed overlying tumor composed of spindle to stellate cells with ill-defined cytoplasm in a fibrocollagenous myxoid stroma, interspersed varying sized blood vessels ranging from small thin walled capillaries to thick walled dilated, congested blood vessels (Figs. 3 and 4), few showing perivascular hyalinization and lymphocytic infiltrate (Fig. 5). Hence a diagnosis of aggressive angiomyxoma was rendered.

DISCUSSION

AA was initially described by Steeper and Rosai in 1983 [1,2]. The aggressive nature of the lesion is explained by its local invasiveness and tendency for recurrence. It has a very low propensity for metastasis and few cases of metastasis to the lung have been reported in literature. Angiomyxomas are classified either as superficial (cutaneous myxoma) or AA [5,6]. The former occur in middle aged adults, involving the head and neck region presenting as polyps or nodules. On histopathology, the lesion shows edematous stroma with myxoid material. The latter occurs exclusively in the perineal and pelvic regions of women during re reproductive years. Occasionally it has been reported in men [6,7].

AA are hormonally responsive tumors. Estrogen and progesterone receptors are commonly found to be positive. The origin of this tumor has been attributed to specialized mesenchymal cells present in the pelvic–perineal region and the multipotent perivascular progenitor cells, which often display both myofibroblastic and fibroblastic features [4,7]. This had been substantiated with the tumor cells expressing desmin and, in some cases, a smooth muscle actin. A variety of molecular genetic alterations have been identified involving the chromosome 12, in the region 12q13-15 [7,8]. It has been described that high-mobility group protein isoform I-C (HMGIC) gene, which encodes proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation, plays a role in the pathogenesis of this tumor. Immunohistochemical detection using anti HMGI-C antibody can also be used for detection of residual disease [4,7,8].

On microscopy AAs show widely separated spindle-shaped neoplastic cells in a loose myxoid stroma rich in collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, along with prominent irregular-shaped blood vessels. The myxoid stroma is also sometimes weakly positive with alcian blue at pH 2.5 [6,8]. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells are positive for vimentin and may stain for smooth muscle actin and desmin. The differential diagnosis of AA included myxomas, angiomyofibroblastoma, fibroepithelial stromal polyp, superficial angiomyxoma, myxoid neurofibroma, myxoid liposarcoma, myxoid variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, sarcoma botryoides and myxofibrosarcoma [9,10] (Table 1).

Clinical differential diagnosis includes bartholin cyst, labial cyst, gartner duct cyst, lipoma, levator hernia or sarcoma [6,7]. The treatment of choice is wide surgical excision. Recurrences may occur from a few months to several years after excision ranging from 2 months to 15 years. Hence patients need to have long term follow up [4,9]. Incomplete resection is acceptable where fertsility is to be preserved as local recurrences can be treated with further resection. Tamoxifen, raloxifene and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues can be used to reduce the tumor size, thus helping to make complete excision feasible in large tumors [7,10]. They are also used in the treatment of recurrence. The present patient has been kept on close follow. No recurrence has been noted in the last 6 months.

CONCLUSION

AA is a locally invasive tumor that probably arises from the common pluripotential primitive cell located around the vessels of connective tissue. Recurrence is known to occur. Hence long term follow up of these patients is mandatory.