INTRODUCTION

Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a benign epithelial tumor, occurring mostly in patients after 35-40 years old, with unclear etiology. The role of such factors as increased sun exposure, carcinogens, human papilloma virus, genetic predisposition has not been proven in the development of SK [1,2]. Immunohistochemictry test (IHC test) conducted to examine cell cycle regulators (cyclin-dependent kinases and their inhibitors, growth factors) disclosed violations of the cell cycle by SK. The details of violations however remained unclear [3,4].

A theory of keratinocytes “aging” finds more supporters when seborrheic keratoses. The aging prevents unlimited and uncontrolled growth of damaged cells, thereby preventing degeneration, but on the other hand, increasing the cells resistance to apoptosis [5]. The main genes responsible for the process of “aging” are genes which produce proteins p16 and p53. In human body the p16 is encoded by the gene CDKN2A, located on chromosome 9 (9p21.3) [5–7]. The protein p16 was discovered by researchers in 1993 [8]. This gene is involved in the development of both sporadic and familial melanoma, glioma, when lung cancer, T-cell leukemia. In addition, p16 is currently studying as a prognostic biomarker for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, cervical cancer [9,10].

The ρ16/INK4 gene is a tumor suppressor gene belonging to the group of “cell cycle guardians”. At the molecular level, the effect of the p16 protein is based on the inhibition of the cell cycle regulators [11]. During the G₁ phase, the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases in a growing cell (Cdk) is blocked until the cell starts the next cell cycle [12].

Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases are divided into two main families: Cip/Kip and INK4. The INK4 family inhibitors block the Cdk4 and Cdk6 cyclin-dependent kinases which control the G₁ cell cycle phase. The Cip/Kip family inhibitors block the cyclin-dependent kinase in conjunction with cyclin [7]. The p16 protein is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor participating in the Rb/cyclinD/cdk4/p16INK4a biochemical pathway [13]. p16 is bound to kinases such as CDK4 and CDK6, and this complex upsets the interaction between kinases and cyclin D [14]. Inhibition of the functions of the cyclin-dependent kinases results in the hypophosphorylation of the pRB protein which reduces the expression of E2F-dependent genes and blocks cell transition from phase G1 to phase S ensuring cell division and proliferation control [9,15]. Many sources confirm that disturbances in the G₁ phase and G₁/S control point result in uncontrolled tumor growth [12]. It is shown by experiments that a reduced expression of p16 results in pRB hyperphosphorylation [14]. In malignant tumors, cells overcome an increased expression of the p16 gene through its inactivation, by using hypermethylation or deletion. Thus, the effect of that gene and its product, the p16 protein, combines differently directed processes: oncogenesis and aging, fixing them at the opposite ends. At one end, hypermethylation, mutations, and deletions of p16 result in gene control disruption and cancer development through disrupted cell cycle control. Conversely, p16 activation through DNA damage results in its accumulation in tissues, suppressed proliferative activity, and cellular senescence [15].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty tumors were used as study materials which were surgically removed from 10 patients with multiple SKs (more than 10 elements) and 10 patients with single SKs. The SK diagnosis was made on the basis of the results of clinicopathologic studies. The age of the sick people varied from 46 to 75 years, with women prevailing (70%). The most typical elements of seborrheic keratosis on the body skin were selected for studies, a maximum of 2 cm in diameter, flat, moderately pigmented, with a hyperkeratotic surface. The operational material was fixed in the 10% neutral buffered formalin solution, with subsequent preparation of paraffin blocks. The sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Primary monoclonal antibodies of p16 were used for IHC tests, at a dilution of 1:200 (Novocastra Laboratories Ltd.). The IHC reaction results were evaluated by color intensity (pronounced, moderate, weak) and by prevalence of cytoplasmic or nuclear staining.

RESULTS

High-grade diffused cytoplasmic response of antibodies to p16 was reported for 7 patients from the group having multiple SKs (70%) (Fig. 1). In 3 cases (30%), moderate-intensity cytoplasmic staining of the entire tumor tissue was identified. Also, nuclear expression of p16 was present in all cases, essentially for basal layer cells.

For the group having single SKs, weak diffused cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells was reported for 8 persons (80%), with a positive response in individual nuclei (Fig. 2). Intensive focal staining of the cell cytoplasm was noted in 20% of cases. It was established from the patients’ medical histories that all patients having multiple SKs were insulin resistant, with 5 persons followed up for pancreatic diabetes. There were 2 insulin resistance cases registered for the persons having single SKs.

DISCUSSION

Different foreign authors treat differently the p16 expression difference and its role in the cell cycle. It is considered that p16 expression increases substantially with age which may be a marker of cellular senescence at the molecular level [16,17]. We did not reveal any clear-cut relation between age and a more pronounced p16 expression in our study; both patient groups were equal in terms of age structure which gives no reason to believe that an increased p16 is primarily explained by age. Nor was the opinion that p16 is a possible malignant transformation marker for SK elements confirmed. Thus, in studying 17 cases of seborrheic keratosis with signs of Bowenoid transformation, Wu YH et al. discovered an increased expression of p16 and p21 in cells which is also typical for the Bowen disease and Bowenoid papulosis. It was suggested that they study p16 for patients having seborrheic keratosis to identify possible malignant transformation of elements [5]. In our opinion, for that suggestion to be made, there should be other undoubted morphological signs of a malignancy in place. Other publications, in particular, Nakamura S. et al., revealed a pronounced expression of the p16 protein in all tumor cells for skin samples from the SK affected area and associated it with a disrupted cell cycle, blocking of the cell S phase entry, and their premature aging, i.e. with apoptosis inhibition, rather than with possible malignant transformation [3]. However, in the study by Brueks et al. of 10 acantholytic nevus cases of the acanthotic and irritated types, the p16 protein expression level was medium and, in the author’s opinion, has no significant role in SK pathogenesis [4].

The results of our study showed the following distinctive feature: a significant expression of p16, both cytoplasmic and nuclear, was reported for 70% of the persons having multiple SKs who were also diagnosed to be insulin resistant. A question arises concerning a possible indirect effect of hyperinsulinemia on p16 expression. Literature contains data indicating an increased level of p16 in the pancreatic gland during aging which inhibits proliferation of beta cells and reduces their ability to respond to damage. This is one of the possible development mechanisms for “old age” diseases, such as pancreatic diabetes, CAD, apoplectic attack, etc. In our opinion, hyperinsulinemia causes an increased proliferative activity of cells entailing an increased expression of the p16 suppressor protein and kinase inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on p16 expression, one can assess the occurrence of rashes for SK patients, given its substantial amount identified for the persons having multiple elements. We consider the presence of an intensive focal reaction with antibodies to p16 for 2 single SK patients as a marker of further disease progression and the number of tumors eventually increasing. The interrelation between an increased expression of p16 and insulin resistance requires a further study to better understand the disease pathogenesis and expand treatment options.