INTRODUCTION

Cutaneous tuberculosis, like any non-pulmonary form of the disease, is most often due to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rarely due to Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium africanum [1]. The disease is difficult to diagnose because of its rarity and clinical polymorphism. The diagnosis relies on a body of epidemiological, clinical, para-clinical evidence or just on test evaluation. Its treatment is based on TB antibiotics, which in most cases gives excellent results [2–6]. The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic profile of the disease in Niger.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a retrospective study carried over a period of 9 years in the Dermatology and Venereology Unit at the National Hospital of Niamey. The study included cases of cutaneous tuberculosis and their handling for the period between January 2004 and December 2012. Data collection was carried out using a survey form that specified epidemiological, clinical, para-clinical and therapeutic information.

Consultation records at Dermatology and Venereology Unit from 2004 to 2012 were used as source of information. For this study, we considered all cases of cutaneous tuberculosis that were treated with standard therapy regimes involving 2 months of quadruple therapy (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) following by futher 4 months of izoniazid associated to rifampicin. All data were entered in and processed with EXCEL 2007.

RESULTS

Cutaneous tuberculosis occurred in 49 cases, out of a total of 14376 dermatological consultations over 9 years (or 0.34% of the cases). The average annual cases was 5.44. The patients were 34 men (69%) and 15 women (31%) or a sex ratio M/F of 2.26. The subjects ranged in age from 6 to over 60 years. The mean age was 34.67 years. The age group between 31 and 40 years was most represented (34.69% of the cases). Four patients (8.16% of the cases) showed a personal or family history of tuberculosis. Weight loss was the most frequent clinical sign (32.65% of the cases), followed by fever (26.53%) and anorexia (22.44%). Scrofuloderma (Fig. 1) was the most common manifestation of the disease (93.87% of the cases), followed by tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (4.08%) and tuberculous gumma (2.04%).

The average course of the disease before consultation was 30.28 months and ranged from 2 to 156 months. The major folds (inguinal and axillary) were the most common sites (30.61% of the cases). There were other important affected areas such as the neck, the trunk and the pelvic limbs (Figs 2A and 2B) (each at 12.24% of the cases). In 55.10% of the cases, the disease was restricted to one area only, and to two areas in 24.48% of the cases. Attacks in more than three area represented 20.42% of the cases. The tuberculin skin test was performed on all patients and was positive in 83.67% of the cases. A diameter of induration measuring 16 to 24 mm was observed in 41.46% of the cases, with a mean value of 15.41 mm. The smear test was positive in 6% of the cases. Lymphocytic hyperleukocytosis was noted in only 21.62% of the cases followed untyped anemia in 13.51% of the cases. The accelerated rate of sedimentation was significant only in 10.81% of the cases. Chest radiographs were performed on 37 patients and were normal in 33 of the them (91.83%). However, 4 patients (8.16%) showed pathological radiographs (such as geodes, osteoporosis and shrinking of the space between vertebral bones). Most of histopathology results showed granulomatous dermatitis. So, the diagnosis of CTB was based on classic combination of clinical, epidemiologic laboratory features and responses to anti-tuberculosis therapy.

Among the 39 patients, 37 underwent a regular TB treatment, first during 2 months in a daily quadruple therapy (isoniazid 3 to 5 mg/Kg/day, rifampicin 10 mg/Kg/day, pyrazinamid 20 to 30 mg/Kg/day; and ethambutol 15 to 20 mg/Kg/day) and then during 4 months in a daily bitherapy (isoniazid 3 to 5mg/Kg/day, rifampicin 10 mg/Kg/day). For the whole patients, we adjusted the doses. All 37 patients were cured at the end of the treatment like in those images (Figs 3, 4A, 4B and 5).

DISCUSSION

In our study, cutaneous tuberculosis accounted for 0.34% of all consultations in dermatology with an annual incidence of 5.44 cases. The annual number of cases reported in other studies varies from less than 1 to 8.6 cases [4,6]. Our study showed that the disease affected young subjects with a male predominance, as is noticed in other studies [7–10]; although other studies found a feminine predominance [5,6,11].

In our study, the scrofuloderma was the most common cutaneous form accounting for 93.87% of the cases. Some publications have also reported the prevalence of this form [6,8,10]. In our study, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis and the tuberculosis of the gum were less important, at 4.08% and 2.04% of the cases, respectively. This is not congruent with other studies, where tuberculosis verrucosa has a frequency of 19.59% [12] and the tuberculous gumma frequency of 46.6% [13]. The average course of the disease before the consultation was 30.28 months in our study. In some studies [10,11], this period ranged from 16 to 38.4 months, confirming the chronic aspect of the disease. Location in the large folds (30.61% of the cases) was predominant in our study; while in other studies the most frequent the cervical area and the lower limbs [5,11] were most affected. Overall, we founded that the disease affects many more skin areas than what is usually reported in other studies [6,11]. In our study the tuberculin skin test was positive in 83.67% of the cases, the smear test was positive in 6% of the cases. The chest radiograph was normal in 91.83% of the cases and most of histopathology results showed granulomatous dermatitis. This points to the heterogeneous nature of the para-clinical aspects. The same heterogeneity is reported in other studies [13,14]. All of the 37 patients in our study were totally cured. This result is also reported in other studies [5,9,11,15]. This confirms the effectiveness of conventional TB therapy protocols. We noted no clinical or laboratory side effects related to the TB treatment.

CONCLUSION

Cutaneous tuberculosis, although relatively rare, is still a concern in third world countries. Scrofuloderma and other cutaneous forms can be handled with a standard TB therapy. While a test-based TB treatment is often a good solution in the face of an array of clinical and epidemiological evidence, systematic vaccination at birth is the best way to combat all forms of tuberculosis.